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  Hypothyroidism Newborn screening (NBS) for CH followed by prompt initiation of levothyroxine (L-T4) therapy can prevent severe intellectual disability, psychomotor dysfunction, and impaired growth. The influence of severity at diagnosis, timing of treatment initiation, and L-T4 dose on longterm outcomes remains a matter of debate. Although the majority of treated patients achieve normal cognitive outcomes, the influence of L-T4 therapy on neurologic development is less certain, and some studies show persistent deficits in treated patients compared with euthyroid healthy controls. If a permanent form of CH has not been established, L-T4 treatment is maintained until 3 years of age, after which thyroid function is reevaluated following a 4- to 6-week discontinuation of L-T4. Most common cause - thyroid dysgenesis, dyshormonogenesis. Less common cause - maternal antithyroid medications, TSH receptor-blocking antibodies (TRBAb) acquired through transplacental passagematernal or infan...

1.      Source:Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics 21e         What is neonatal graves disease? ·         The transplacental transfer of TRSAbs from mother to fetus results in Graves diseases in neonates.   2.      What are the conditions of such illness? ·         Maternal untreated Graves ·         Mother treated with radioiodine and surgery can develop ·         Mother treated for Graves with ATDS   ·         Sometimes neonates of mother’s with Hashimotos thyroiditis can develop Graves disease.   3.      What is the presentation of neonatal thyrotoxicosis in neonate born to mother receiving ATDs? ·         They present after 3-7 days after the ATDs are metabolized in newborn. · ...

1.       How do we treat Thyrotoxicosis in children? ·         Antithyroid drugs ·         Surgery ·         Radioiodine Ablation(RAI).        Although thyroid surgery and radioiodine ablation are gaining popularity among children many endocrinologist still prefer ATDs as initial line of management .   RAI is preferred for children above 10 years nowadays   Source:uptodate 2.       What are the ATDs? ·         Methimazole ·         Propylthiouracil(PTU). Methimazole is preferred in children as PTU can cause severe liver failure in children. 3.       What is the dose of Methimazole? 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day in 1 or 2 divided doses Drug formulation – 5mg or 10 mg tablet. 4.       Side effects · ...